2. Helium Four and Heat Correlations

3. Nuclear Transmutation Experiments

4. Charged Particle Experiments

5. Laser Triggering of Excess Heat

6. Tritium Observations

- Accurate, closed cell, state-of-the-art, mass flow calorimeters were designed, constructed, and calibrated. Extended calorimetric studies have confirmed the presence of a heat source that may be observed when certain criteria are met.

- Rigorous attempts have been made to anticipate, exclude and define quantitative upper limits on artifacts and systematic error sources that may give the appearance of excess power. None of the artifactual sources considered can account for the excess power and heat observed. It is therefore concluded, tentatively, that the source of excess energy is an unexpected, and as yet unexplained, property of the D/Pd system. Further, the excess energy observed exceeds that of known chemical processes by two or more orders of magnitude.

Antonella De Ninno, ENEA,  Rome; Emilio Del Giudice, INFN Sezione Milano; Giuliano Preparata, University of Milan, INFN Sez. Milano, 2000

[HEAT/HELIUM]
-Calorimeter tolerance of +/- 0.4%
-Up to 90 sigma observation of excess power effect
-Excess power 3 to 30%
-Correlated 4He and Heat vs. time
-Sustained, unidirectional heat burst exhibit an integrated energy at least 10x greater than the sum of all possible chemical reactions within a closed cell
- Heat effects are observed with D, but not H, under similar (or more extreme) conditions
- Near quantitative correlation between Heat and 4He production according to: Predicted: d + d →4He + ~24MeV (lattice); measured: Q = 31 ± 13 MeV/atom; dIscrepancy may be due to solid phase retention of retention of 4He

[TRITIUM]
- Production of Tritium was between 2x10e15 and  5x10e15 atoms.
- Modeled as a single event, this occurred during cathodic electrolysis.
- Samples of Pd taken from a similar and contemporaneous H2O electrode show low 3He levels consistent with blank Pd.
- Measurements of the 3He gradient through the 3.5mm wall of the D2O electrode show that the 3He is the decay product of Tritium which diffused from a source inside the electrode.

[CONCLUSIONS]
Experience teaches us that there are (hitherto unexpected) nuclear effects: d+d > 4He + ~24MeV (lattice) [observed in] 
- 3 metal-sealed cells
- 3 calorimetric methods
- electrochemical and gas loading experiments
- 4He analyses at 4 different institutions
- 3He production in small dimension Pd particles

- The results from a growing number of laboratories suggest that the Pons and Fleischmann effect (the production of "excess heat" during the electrolysis of D2O at palladium electrodes) is real. Moreover data from these laboratories indicate that excess heat events are accompanied by 4He production.
- Hence, the data is again consistent with the D + D → 4He + 23.82 MeV (heat) reaction as being the origin of the excess generated by the Pons and Fleischmann effect.

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Yasuhiro IWAMURA. Takehiko ITOH, Nobuaki GOTOH, Mitsuru SAKANO, Ichiro TOYODA and Hiroshi SAKATA1998, Advanced Technology Research Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. 1-8-1, Sachiura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-8515, Japan

-This paper discusses evidence that the production of these reaction products is correlated with the excess heat also frequently observed in LENR cells. Such a correlation for LENR reactions would be equivalent, in principle, to the correlation of He-4 with excess heat that is reported for heavy water-Pd experiments where a D-D reaction is postulated.
-[The] results indicate, with a reasonable confidence level, that a direct correlation exists between He-4 production and excess heat, supporting the D-D reaction hypothesis.
-Detailed energy and nucleon balance calculations for LENR experiments where reaction products were quantitatively measured have been shown to be generally consistent with corresponding excess heat measurements. Such data is only available for a few cases, so additional experiments are needed to fully verify this correlation. However, the results to date support the hypothesis that proton-metal reactions are associated with the excess heat and reaction products observed in such LENR experiments.

- In-situ radiation emission studies have discovered MeV alpha-proton emission, supporting earlier reaction product evidence of the nuclear origin of the excess heat.
-Cold fusion research at the University of Illinois has largely concentrated on light water nuclear reactions, termed Low Energy Nuclear Reactions, or LENRs. Thus in contrast to D-D type reactions where He4 is a major product, LENRs result in a wide array of reaction products ranging from light to very heavy masses.
-In situ studies of charged-particle emission during electrolysis have been undertaken to supplement the earlier reaction product measurements. This work used small CR-39 sheets and TLD chips attached to the film surface to record charge particles and also x-ray production. The CR-39 tracks were calibrated using MeV apha and proton bombardment with high-energy accelerators in Dubna, Russia. Landauer Corp, Glenwood, Illinois, read the TLD detectors.

-Nuclear transmutation of Cs into Pr and Sr into Mo can be observed during D2 gas permeation through Pd Complexes. Pr was identified by various methods such as XPS, TOF-SIMS, XANES, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and ICP-MS. A very thin surface region up to 100 angstroms was the active transmutation area, as determined by the analysis of depth profile of Pr. The quantity of Pr was proportional to deuterium flux through the Pd complex. The cross section of transmutation of Cs into Pr can be roughly estimated at 1 barn if we regard the deuterium flux as an ultra low energy deuteron beam.
-Some replication experiments producing transmutation reactions of Cs into Pr or Sr into Mo were planning or presented for the ICCF10 conference. Positive results were obtained not only in a gaseous environment presented by Prof. A. Takahashi et al., but also in an electrochemical environment performed Dr. F. Celani’s team.

-Unusual nuclear transmutation reactions have been reported by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI). In their experiment, D2 gas permeates through a Pd complexes, which consists of a thin Pd layer, alternating CaO and Pd layers and bulk Pd.1 When they used sample Pd complexes with additional Cs on the surface, Pr emerged on the surface while Cs decreased after the sample was subjected to D2 gas permeation at 343 K and 1 atm for about one week. The elemental analysis was performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This phenomenon was reproduced qualitatively in the present replication experiment.

-We performed D-permeation experiments similar to the MHI’s experiment three times, and we confirmed the production of Pr. Pd complex samples were provided to us by MHI. The surface was electrolytically cleaned to remove hydrocarbons before depositing Cs. D2 gas was permeated through the Pd complexes at 343 K and 1 atm for about 5 days. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was performed to analyze the existence of the elements (Cs and Pr) and the mass distribution. The results showed the existence of Pr. And we also confirmed the existence of Pr by using fast Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) in Fusion Neutronics Source (FNS) of Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI).

-As a result, we confirmed that the nuclear transmutation reaction, from 133Cs to 141Pr, was occurred. This transmutation suggests that the mass numbers and atomic numbers increase 8 and 4, respectively. The model of multi-body resonance fusion of deuterons proposed by A. Takahashi2 can explain this mass-8-and-charge-4 increased transmutation.

-Transmutation experiments have been studied in some detail by over 14 separate laboratories worldwide. This listing is incomplete but hopefully representative. It includes Beijing University, China, Tsinghua University, China, Lab des Sciences Nucleaires, France, Frascati Laboratory, Italy, University of Leece, Italy, Hokkaido University, Japan, Mitsubishi Corporation, Japan, Osaka university, Japan, Shizuoka University, Japan, SIA LUTCH, Russia, Tomsk Polytechnical University, Russia, Portland State University, USA, Texas A & M University, USA  and UIUC, USA . (Most of the references cited represent a recent publication from the lab). Other reviews of transmutation studies by Dash [Portland State] and Kozima also confirms the many experimental results reported worldwide. The fact that this number of major laboratories report positive results provides further confidence that LENR-type transmutation reactions can occur with some predictability in solids.
-Correlation of the reaction energy (i.e. the transmutation product array reaction rates) with calorimetric measurements of excess heat is difficult. However, several cases indicate a correlation within experimental error bars. This result is analogous to the correlation of He-4 production and excess heat production in D-D cold fusion studies.

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-The cathode is stimulated with a low-power laser with a maximum power of 30 milliwatts. The thermal response of the cathode is typically 500 mW with maximum output observed of approximately 1 watt. The effect is repeatable when protocols are followed and has been demonstrated in several laboratories. 
-The important point of this work is that it appears to be reproducible when all of the specifics [cathode preparation] are rigorously followed. The lack of reproducibility has been a recurring problem in this field. One key goal of these experiments has been to achieve consistent results instead of maximizing excess heat. Another goal has been to achieve conditions, which will trigger the immediate release of excess power. This is important since it avoids some systematic errors such as slow variation in the calorimeter “constants”. 

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-Tritium was produced in 11 cells at levels between 1.5 and 80 times the starting concentration. Over 1500 tritium measurements were made on 53 cells of various designs.
-[T]he total uncertainty in tritium content for these measurements is ±14 d/min-ml which is 0.1 times the starting concentration. Thus, the proposed tritium excess is well outside the uncertainty in the total measurement.
-Fourteen inactive cells are described in this work and are used as reference standards. The effect of chemiluminescence, counting efficiency, and sampling error have been studied, but are not described in this paper. Based on this background, we believe that the tritium is real, it is not caused by contamination and it is not a product of normal electrolysis.